ABSTRACT
<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Sleep deprivation (SD) has been used in treatment of depression disorder, and could effectively improve the patients' depressive symptoms.The aim of the study was to explore the effects of SD on electroencephalographic (EEG) and executive function changes in patients with depression.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Eighteen depression patients (DPs) and 21 healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled in the present study. The whole night polysomnography (PSG) was recorded by Neurofax-1518K (Nihon Kohden, Japan) system before and after 36 hours of SD. The level of subjects' depression state was assessed by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and the executive function was assessed by Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Significantly decreased sleep latency (SL; before SD: (31.8 ± 11.1) minutes, after SD: (8.8 ± 5.2) minutes, P < 0.01) and REM sleep latency (RL; before SD: (79.8 ± 13.5) minutes, after SD: (62.9 ± 10.2) minutes, P < 0.01) were found after SD PSG in depression patients. Decreased Stage 1 (S1; before SD: (11.7 ± 2.9)%, after SD: (7.3 ± 1.1)%, P < 0.01) and Stage 2 (S2, before SD: (53.8 ± 15.5)%, after SD: (42.3 ± 14.7)%, P < 0.05) of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and increased Stage 3 (S3, before SD: (11.8 ± 5.5)%, after SD: (23.6 ± 5.8)%, P < 0.01) and Stage 4 (S4, before SD: (8.8 ± 3.3)%, after SD: (27.4 ± 4.8)%, P < 0.01) NREM sleep were also found. After SD, the depression level in patients decreased from 6.7 ± 2.1 to 2.9 ± 0.7 (P < 0.01). In WCST, the patients showed significantly decreased Response errors (Re, before SD: 22.3 ± 2.4, after SD: 18.3 ± 2.7, P < 0.01) and Response preservative errors (Rpe, before SD: 11.6 ± 3.6, after SD: 9.3 ± 2.9, P < 0.05). Depression patients' RE (t = 2.17, P < 0.05) and Rpe (t = 2.96, P < 0.01) also decreased significantly compared to healthy controls.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>SD can improve depression symptom and executive function in depression patients.</p>
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Depression , Polysomnography , Methods , Sleep DeprivationABSTRACT
Objective To explore the effects of antidepressant combined with improved Morita therapy in the treatment of somatoform disorder. Methods 78 patients with somatoform disorder were randomly divided into study group (medication combined with improved Morita therapy,39 cases) and control group (medication,39 cases). Both groups were assessed with symptom checklist 90 (SCL-90), Eysenck personality questionnaire ( EPQ )and global assessment scale ( GAS ) before and after treatment. Results After treatment, the factor scores in SCL-90 of the study group were (1. 14±0.41),(1.81 ±0.44),(1.27 ±0.41),(1.20±0.54),(1.49 ±0. 66 ), ( 1.25 ± 0. 42 ), ( 1. 09 ± 0.48), ( 1.07 ± 0. 42 ), ( 1.16 ± 0. 42 ), and that of the control group were ( 1. 46±0.44) ,(2.19±0.50),(1.56±0.40),(1.54±0.56),(1.85 ±0.48),(1.47±0.44),(1.33±0.54),( 1.38 ± 0. 58 ), ( 1.38 ± 0. 45 ), there were significant differences ( P ＜ 0. 05, P ＜ 0. 01 ). EPQ-E and EPQ-N of the study group were 7.02 ±4.06 and 12.7 ±3.89 respectively ,EPQ-E and EPQ-N of the control group were 14.8± 4.3 and 8.97 ± 4.32 respectively, there were significant differences ( P ＜ 0.05 ). The obvious effective rates of two groups were 82. 05% and 56.41% (x2 =4.875, P＜0. 05 ). Conclusion The effects of antidepressant combined with improved Morita therapy is much better in the treatment of somatoform disorder.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Contingent negative variation (CNV) is a kind of cerebral evoked potential, which is closely related with mental medicine and psychology.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the different manifestations between patients with affective disorder and normal adults in CNV detection.DESIGN: Case-control trial.SETTING: Department of Function, Psychiatric Hospital of Zibo, Shandong Province.PARTICIPANTS: Totally 29 inpatients and outpatients including 14 males and 15 females with affective disorder in the Fifth People's Hospital of Zibo between February 2005 and January 2006 were selected. The guardians were all informed and agreed the content; the diagnosed criteria of the patients were accorded wit h the criteria of DSM-Ⅳ. According to their mental status when hospitalized, the patients were divided into manic episode group and depressive episode group. There were 11 cases in the manic episode group, whose scores of Bech-Rataelson Mania Scale (BRMS)＞16; there were 18 cases in the depressive episode group, including unipolar depression (without history of mania episode) and bipolar depression (with history of mania episode) whose Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD)scores ＞ 24. A total of 27 healthy hospital staff were selectedas control group including 14 males and 13 females aged 21-53 years and the mean age was (32.5±5.9) years. There was no significant difference in the age and sex among the three groups.METHODS: The CNV test was carried out in a soundproof room. Seating on a soft chair, the subject kept vigilant and focused on a fixed point in the front. The platinum electrode of 8 mm was attached to the subject's vertex Cz according to the International 10/20 System, referred to the right mastoid. The middle point of 2 eyebrows was grounded. The CNV waveforms were described by a L2-3 XY Functional Plotter. Standard CNV was composed of light signal and click signal. The flashlight and loudspeaker were located at the right back of the examinee. The subject was asked to press the button with his right finger to cut off the short sound as soon as his ears received the imperative click. It would take 2 500 ms for one CNV trial, and 20 trials as one experiment. Every subject was given the experiment for twice, and the standard amplitude was set by inputting a standard voltage of 20 μV to the same recording system.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The CNV latency, amplitude B, area of negative expectancy wave before command signal, and area of negative change post-imperative negative variation (PINV) latency of the subjects in the two groups.RESULTS: All the 56 patients were involved in the result analysis.Compared with the control group, the mania group showed higher CNV amplitude [(22.8±4.8) μV; (16.0±5.7) μV; P ＜ 0.01], and the depression group presented smaller A-S2 area [(292.8±161.6)μV2; (412.8±159.9) μV2;P ＜ 0.01], and prolonged PINV latency [(261.9±79.3), (211.9±36.3) ms; P＜ 0.05]. The prolonged PINV latency was found in the unipolar depression group compared with the bipolar depression group [(344.5 ±66.9),(230.4±83.8) ms; P ＜ 0.01].CONCLUSION: CNV and PINV suggest that prolonged latency is the trait maker of the patients with unipolar depression, and CNV amplitude changes belong to the state makers of affective disorder.